Loaded osteoblasts may produce a combination of growth factors affecting adjacent osteoblast differentiation. Sci.Bone mass increases after errorвЂђloading, even in the absence of osteocytes. Kim, Finite element analysis of plastic deformation in twist extrusion. Kim, Obtaining reliable true plastic stress-strain curves in a wide range of strains using digital image correlation in tensile testing.

Kim, Method for measuring nanoscale local strain in a dual phase steel using digital image correlation with nanodot patterns. IJMF 1, 14вЂ“22 (2014)ДЄSTM, Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials, (2004) Ebrahimi, The Relationship between constant friction factor and coefficient of friction in metal forming using finite element analysis. Langdon, A new constitutive relationship for the homogeneous deformation of metals over a wide range of strain. ДEFORM-3D V11, Scientific forming technologies corporation (SFTC)Д¬ATIA v5R21, Dassault systems corporation Pardis, Finite element analysis of severe plastic deformation by rectangular vortex extrusion (RVE). Zhang, Numerical and experimental analysis of rotating backward extrusion as a new SPD process. Ebrahimi, Effect of processing parameters on the strain inhomogeneity and processing load in vortex extrusion of Al-Mg-Si alloy. Shahbaz, Numerical modelling and simulation of vortex extrusion as a severe plastic deformation technique using response surface methodology and finite element analysis.

Kim, Prediction of extrusion pressure in vortex extrusion using a streamline approach. Kim, Experimental and finite element analyses of plastic deformation behavior in vortex extrusion. Kim, Stream line approach to die design and investigation of material flow during the vortex extrusion process. Talebanpour, A novel single pass severe plastic deformation technique: Vortex extrusion. Kim, Forward extrusion through steadily rotating conical dies. Kim, Off-axis twist extrusion for uniform processing of round bars. Alhosseini, Hollow twist extrusion: Introduction, strain distribution, and process parameters investigation. Emadoddin, Computational and experimental studies on the effect back pressure on twist extrusion process. Latypov, Twist extrusion as a potent tool for obtaining advanced engineering materials: a review. Kommel, Microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of cyclic expansionвЂ“extrusion deformed pure copper. Toth, Development of new routes of severe plastic deformation through cyclic expansionвЂ“extrusion process. Zomorodian, Cyclic expansion-extrusion (CEE): A modified counterpart of cyclic extrusion-compression (CEC). Kim, Single-roll angular-rolling: a new continuous severe plastic deformation process for metal sheets. Valiev, Principles of equal-channel angular pressing as a processing tool for grain refinement. Ebrahimi, An overview on severe plastic deformation: research status, techniques classification, microstructure evolution, and applications. Vinogradov, Extreme grain refinement by severe plastic deformation: a wealth of challenging science. Consequently, a significant improvement was observed in tensile properties of the samples after SPD processing using the proposed streamlined VE die. The results of the microstructural characterization exhibit a higher fraction of high-angle grain boundaries of the VE processed samples compared to what can be achieved by conventional extrusion-processed. In the present study, the VE die is designed through a streamline approach based on a cubic BeziersвЂ™ formulation that was employed to investigate the microstructural and mechanical properties of the processed samples and to link the results to those obtained through a finite element analysis of this technique. The amount and intensity of this additional deformation vary according to the radius moving from the center to the surface of the VE die due to variations in the path of the material through a radius proposed by the BeziersвЂ™ formulation. Materials in the VE process experience torsional deformation and simultaneous reduction in area. Vortex extrusion (VE), as a severe plastic deformation technique, uses a novel designed stationary die that imposes intense strain to the processed material.

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